BITCOIN IS A CURRENCY: FEDERAL JUDGE SAYS VIRTUAL MONEY IS A REAL CURRENCY

The question of whether Bitcoin constitutes a legitimate form of currency has been debated extensively since its inception. While there is a growing literature base on blockchain technologies, other researchers have investigated the (exchange) value of Bitcoin (Hayes, 2025; Chan et al, 2025; Li and Wang, 2025; Wang and Vergne, 2025a) and its relation to banking (Eyal, 2025; Piazza, 2025).Its decentralized nature, lack of central authority, and volatile value fluctuations have all fueled the ongoing discussion. NEW YORK (Reuters) - Bitcoin qualifies as money, a federal judge ruled on Monday, in a decision linked to a criminal case over hacking attacks against JPMorgan Chase Co (JPM.N) and otherHowever, a landmark ruling in a Texas courtroom has significantly shifted the narrative.In a case involving alleged Bitcoin-based fraud, a federal judge declared that Bitcoin is a currency, subjecting it to U.S. laws and regulations. Legislative acts of United States explains virtual currency to be a medium of exchange that operates like a currency in some environments, but does not have all the attributes of real currency, which points the absence of legal tender status in any jurisdiction (Department of the treasury 2025).This decision not only grants a degree of legitimacy to the digital asset but also carries profound implications for the future of cryptocurrency regulation. The court s decision adds to a growing body of policy and law that says Bitcoin is a currency. Earlier this year, the US Treasury Department s Jennifer Shasky Calvery called companies thatThe implications of this ruling are far-reaching, affecting how virtual currencies are treated in legal proceedings, business transactions, and everyday use.

This article will delve into the details of this groundbreaking legal decision, exploring the arguments presented, the implications for the crypto world, and the ongoing debate surrounding Bitcoin's status.We'll examine how this ruling fits into the broader context of cryptocurrency regulation and what it means for investors, businesses, and users of Bitcoin.From a technical perspective, we'll also consider the characteristics of Bitcoin that led to its classification as a currency, including its function as a medium of exchange and a store of value.Join us as we unpack the complexities of this fascinating legal precedent and its impact on the future of digital finance.

The Landmark Ruling: Bitcoin Recognized as Currency

The case that triggered this significant legal precedent involved a Texan named Trendon Shavers, accused by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) of running a Bitcoin-based Ponzi scheme.Shavers argued that Bitcoin was not ""real money,"" and therefore, the investments in his scheme shouldn't be considered securities. In the case of a Texas man accused of massive Bitcoin-based fraud, a federal judge has ruled that bitcoins are a currency or form of money, and are therefore subject to relevant US laws. TheHowever, U.S.District Judge Amos L.Mazzant disagreed, ruling that Bitcoin does indeed qualify as a form of currency.This decision marked a pivotal moment for Bitcoin, granting it a level of recognition and legitimacy within the U.S. legal system.

Judge Mazzant's reasoning, detailed in a memorandum, hinged on the understanding that Bitcoin functions as a medium of exchange.He emphasized that the designers of the Bitcoin software intended it to be used as a currency, and that it is, in fact, used in e-commerce and other transactions. Virtual currency that has an equivalent value in real currency, or that acts as a substitute for real currency, is referred to as convertible virtual currency. Bitcoin is one example of a convertible virtual currency. Bitcoin can be digitally traded between usersThis recognition aligns with the perspective of economists who define money based on its functions: as a medium of exchange, a unit of account, and a store of value.While Bitcoin's volatility might raise questions about its effectiveness as a store of value, its use in facilitating transactions was deemed sufficient to qualify it as a currency in this legal context.

Contrasting Views: The Ongoing Debate

While the Texas ruling provided a significant boost to Bitcoin's legitimacy, it's important to acknowledge that the debate surrounding its status as a currency is far from over. The advent of virtual currencies such as bitcoin raises a pressing question for lawmakers, regulators, and judges: should bitcoin and other virtual currencies be classified as money or currency for legal and regulatory purposes? I examine two different approaches to answering this question a descriptive approach and a normative approach. The descriptive approach says that bitcoin and otherJust two months prior to the Texas decision, a Miami-Dade Circuit Judge, Teresa Ponder, ruled in a money laundering case that Bitcoin is not money.Judge Ponder argued that Bitcoin lacks the tangible qualities of cash and isn't backed by any government or bank. Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC; sign: ₿) is the first decentralized cryptocurrency. Based on a free-market ideology, bitcoin was invented in 2025 when an unknown entity published a white paper under the pseudonym of Satoshi Nakamoto. [5] Use of bitcoin as a currency began in 2025, [6] with the release of its open-source implementation.This conflicting view highlights the ongoing ambiguity surrounding Bitcoin's legal classification.

These divergent opinions showcase the challenges lawmakers and regulators face when dealing with cryptocurrencies. The descriptive approach says that bitcoin and other virtual currencies should be classified as money or currency just in case they really are money or currency, whereas the normative approachThe descriptive approach to classifying Bitcoin focuses on whether it actually functions as a currency, while the normative approach considers whether it should be classified as such, based on policy goals and regulatory considerations.The absence of a universal consensus creates uncertainty for businesses and individuals operating in the cryptocurrency space.

The Treasury Department and FinCEN's Stance

Adding to the complexity, the U.S. Virtual currency exchanger (or virtual currency exchange): a person or entity engaged as a business in the exchange of virtual currency for fiat currency, funds, or other forms of virtual currency for a fee. This activity generally requires a license under the Uniform Money Services Act (UMSA) in Washington.Treasury Department's Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) has also weighed in on the issue.Jennifer Shasky Calvery, then Director of FinCEN, outlined the agency's perspective, defining companies dealing in convertible virtual currencies as money transmitters under the Bank Secrecy Act.FinCEN's guidance further distinguishes between:

• Virtual Currency Users: Individuals who obtain virtual currency to purchase goods or services.
• Exchangers: Entities in the business of exchanging virtual currency for real currency, funds, or other virtual currency.

This regulatory framework aims to address concerns related to money laundering and other illicit activities involving cryptocurrencies. The defendant, Texan Trendon Shavers, is accused by the SEC of committing fraud in the form of a Bitcoin-based Ponzi scheme worth millions of dollars in today's Bitcoin market. But ShaversWhile acknowledging the potential for innovation and legitimate uses of Bitcoin, FinCEN emphasizes the importance of oversight and compliance.Their stance underlines the need for businesses operating in the cryptocurrency space to understand and adhere to existing financial regulations.

Practical Implications: What Does This Mean for You?

The federal judge's decision in Texas has several practical implications for individuals, businesses, and the cryptocurrency industry as a whole.Here are some key takeaways:

• Increased Regulatory Scrutiny: Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are likely to face increased regulatory oversight, as governments seek to adapt existing laws to the digital landscape.
• Tax Implications: The IRS already treats Bitcoin as property for tax purposes, and this ruling reinforces the need for accurate reporting of Bitcoin transactions.Mining Bitcoin can be considered a trade or business, with net income subject to self-employment tax.
• Legal Compliance: Businesses dealing in Bitcoin need to ensure they comply with money transmission laws and other relevant regulations, including anti-money laundering (AML) requirements.
• Investment Considerations: While this ruling may add a degree of legitimacy to Bitcoin, it's important to remember that cryptocurrencies remain volatile and speculative investments. Magistrate Judge Amos Maazant of the Eastern District of Texas federal court argued the evidence in a memorandum summarising Shavers argues, where he states that Bitcoin is not real money andInvestors should conduct thorough research and understand the risks involved.

For individuals, the ruling highlights the importance of understanding the legal and tax implications of using Bitcoin.Whether you're using Bitcoin for online purchases or as an investment, it's crucial to stay informed about evolving regulations and reporting requirements.

Bitcoin's Characteristics: Why the ""Currency"" Label?

To understand why Bitcoin is increasingly being viewed as a currency, it's important to consider its key characteristics:

• Decentralization: Bitcoin operates on a decentralized network, meaning it's not controlled by any single entity or government. Has a value equivalent to real currency or ; Substitutes for real currency. The IRS has also clarified that Bitcoin is a category of convertible virtual currency because users are able to not only digitally trade Bitcoin but also exchange it for various categories of legal or virtual currencies, including the USD and Euro. Legal Implications inThis makes it resistant to censorship and manipulation.
• Cryptography: Bitcoin uses cryptography to secure transactions and control the creation of new units. Two months ago, in a money laundering case involving virtual currency, Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Teresa Ponder ruled that Bitcoin is not money, especially as it is not tangible wealth like cash, and is not backed by any government or bank.This ensures the integrity and security of the network.
• Limited Supply: Bitcoin has a fixed supply of 21 million coins, which makes it potentially resistant to inflation. Both sides say bitcoin's unlikely to become a fiat currency for one reason or another; they just disagree over whether bitcoin in its current state is valuable enough to justify its price. Ads by Money.This scarcity is a key factor in its value proposition.
• Global Reach: Bitcoin can be used to send and receive payments anywhere in the world, without the need for intermediaries like banks. Legal Status: To avoid a claim that the virtual currency represents money, currency, or funds, make clear that the virtual currency represents a limited, non-transferable, non-exclusive license to use the features of the game or app for personal use and does not represent a property interest of any kind.This makes it particularly useful for international transactions.

These characteristics align with the traditional functions of money. virtual currency had been launched five years earlier by computer hobbyists, and in late 2025 the U.S. dollar exchange rate for one bitcoin rose more than fivefold in the space of a few weeks. The market value of one bitcoin, which had begun trading at less than five cents in 2025, brieflyBitcoin serves as a medium of exchange, allowing users to buy and sell goods and services.It can also function as a unit of account, as prices are increasingly being denominated in Bitcoin.Finally, its limited supply and potential for price appreciation make it a store of value, although its volatility remains a challenge in this regard.

Bitcoin's Evolution: From Hobbyist Project to Global Phenomenon

Bitcoin's journey from a niche project launched by computer hobbyists to a global financial phenomenon is remarkable.Invented in 2025 by an anonymous entity known as Satoshi Nakamoto, Bitcoin was designed as a decentralized peer-to-peer electronic cash system. The notice further defines convertible virtual currency as a virtual currency having an equivalent value in real currency or acting as a substitute for real currency. It cites Bitcoin as an example. The notice only applies to convertible virtual currencies and provides the followingThe first real-world transaction using Bitcoin occurred in 2025, when a programmer purchased two pizzas for 10,000 Bitcoins.

In the early years, Bitcoin's value fluctuated wildly. Bitcoin has become a cultural and financial phenomenon. While many people have heard of Bitcoin, far fewer understand it. In short, Bitcoin is a digital currency, or cryptocurrency, that allows person-to-person transactions independent of the banking system. Bitcoin is not a physical coin that you keep in your purse or wallet.It began trading at less than five cents in 2025 and experienced a dramatic surge in late 2025, briefly exceeding $1,200.00.This volatility has been a defining characteristic of Bitcoin, attracting both enthusiasts and skeptics.Despite the ups and downs, Bitcoin has steadily gained adoption and recognition, paving the way for the emergence of other cryptocurrencies and blockchain technologies.

The Future of Cryptocurrency Regulation

The legal and regulatory landscape surrounding cryptocurrencies is constantly evolving. A pile of Bitcoins are shown here after Software engineer Mike Caldwell minted them in his shop on Ap in Sandy, Utah. Bitcoin is an experimental digital currency used over the InternetAs governments grapple with the challenges of regulating decentralized digital assets, we can expect to see further clarification and refinement of existing laws.Some key areas of focus will likely include:

• Money Laundering: Preventing the use of cryptocurrencies for illicit activities.
• Investor Protection: Protecting consumers from fraud and scams in the cryptocurrency market.
• Taxation: Ensuring fair and consistent taxation of cryptocurrency transactions.
• Cross-Border Payments: Addressing the challenges of regulating cross-border cryptocurrency flows.

The Texas ruling highlights the growing recognition that cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin need to be integrated into the existing legal and regulatory framework. Earlier this week, a federal judge in Texas ruled that Bitcoins are indeed a currency, and therefore subject to government regulation. The judgment didn t occur in a vacuum.While challenges remain, the trend towards greater regulatory clarity is likely to continue, fostering innovation and responsible growth in the cryptocurrency industry.

Understanding Convertible Virtual Currency

The concept of convertible virtual currency is central to understanding Bitcoin's regulatory status. Bitcoin is defined as digital money within a decentralized peer-to-peer payment network. It is a hybrid between fiat currency and commodity currency without intrinsic value and independent of any government or monetary authority.According to FinCEN, convertible virtual currency is defined as virtual currency that has an equivalent value in real currency or acts as a substitute for real currency.Bitcoin falls squarely into this category, as it can be exchanged for U.S. dollars, euros, and other traditional currencies.

The IRS also recognizes Bitcoin as a category of convertible virtual currency, noting that users can digitally trade Bitcoin and exchange it for various categories of legal or virtual currencies. The virtual currency had been launched 5 years earlier by computer hobbyists, and in late 2025, the US dollar exchange rate for one bitcoin rose more than fivefold in the space of a few weeks. The market value of one bitcoin, which had begun trading at less than five cents in 2025, briefly exceeded $1,200.00.This classification has significant implications for tax reporting, as the IRS treats Bitcoin as property rather than currency for tax purposes.

The Role of Virtual Currency Exchangers

Virtual currency exchangers, or virtual currency exchanges, play a crucial role in the cryptocurrency ecosystem. Shavers attempted to argue the investments were not securities because Bitcoin is not money. However, in a precedent determining decision, the magistrate judge determined that Bitcoin is money, and thus the investments were securities. [63] The magistrate judge stated, [i]t is clear that Bitcoin can be used as money.These entities facilitate the exchange of virtual currency for fiat currency, funds, or other forms of virtual currency for a fee.In many jurisdictions, virtual currency exchangers are required to obtain a license under the Uniform Money Services Act (UMSA) or similar regulations.

These exchanges are subject to Know Your Customer (KYC) and Anti-Money Laundering (AML) regulations, requiring them to verify the identities of their customers and monitor transactions for suspicious activity.This oversight is essential for preventing the use of cryptocurrencies for illegal purposes.

Is Bitcoin a Good Store of Value?

One of the critical functions of money is to serve as a store of value. Those investor concerns aside, U.S. District Court Judge Amos L. Mazzant ruled Monday that the virtual currency constituted a real-life form of currency in the case against Trendon T. ShaversThis means that it should retain its purchasing power over time.However, Bitcoin's volatile price fluctuations raise questions about its effectiveness as a store of value.While some argue that Bitcoin's limited supply will eventually make it a reliable store of value, others point to its historical volatility as evidence to the contrary.

Compared to traditional safe-haven assets like gold, Bitcoin has a relatively short track record. virtual currency like Bitcoin and exchanges it for real currency or its equivalent is a money transmitter for purposes of the Bank Secrecy Act. And second, although virtual currency is similar to real currency, certain provisions of the Act that contemplate legal tender currency only do not apply in the virtual currency context.20 Other federalIts price has experienced dramatic booms and busts, making it difficult for owners to hedge their investments.Furthermore, Bitcoin lacks access to a banking system with deposit insurance and is not used to denominate consumer credit or loan contracts.As a result, many experts view Bitcoin as more of a speculative investment than a stable store of value.

Bitcoin vs. Bitcoin is not a currency, a judge ruled in Florida on Monday. Credit: LEON NEAL/AFP/Getty Images A judge in Florida ruled in a money-laundering case this week that bitcoin is not a currencyFiat Currency: Key Differences

While the Texas ruling affirmed that Bitcoin can be considered a currency, it's important to understand the key differences between Bitcoin and traditional fiat currencies like the U.S. dollar or the euro.Here are some of the most significant distinctions:

1. Central Authority: Fiat currencies are issued and regulated by central banks, while Bitcoin is decentralized and not controlled by any single entity.
2. Legal Tender: Fiat currencies are typically designated as legal tender by governments, meaning they must be accepted as payment for debts.Bitcoin is not legal tender in most jurisdictions.
3. Intrinsic Value: Fiat currencies are often backed by the government's promise to maintain their value, while Bitcoin's value is determined by market demand.
4. Supply Control: Central banks can increase the supply of fiat currencies, potentially leading to inflation.Bitcoin has a fixed supply of 21 million coins.

These differences highlight the unique characteristics of Bitcoin and the challenges of fitting it into traditional regulatory frameworks. 2. users are persons that obtain virtual currency to purchase goods or services; and 3. exchangers are persons in the business of exchanging virtual currency for real currency, funds, or other virtual currency (FIN- G001). Virtual Currency Users. According to FinCEN s guidance, a user who obtains convertible virtualWhile the Texas ruling acknowledged Bitcoin's use as a medium of exchange, it's important to recognize that it differs significantly from fiat currencies in terms of control, legal status, and value determination.

Conclusion: Bitcoin's Evolving Status as a Currency

The debate over whether Bitcoin is a currency is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. The digital currency Bitcoin gained a measure of legitimacy this week when a federal judge ruled in a fraud case that Bitcoins are a currency or form of money and are therefore subject to U.S. laws.The federal judge's decision in Texas represents a significant step towards recognizing Bitcoin as a legitimate form of money, but conflicting rulings and ongoing regulatory uncertainty underscore the complexities of this issue.As the cryptocurrency landscape evolves, it's crucial for individuals, businesses, and policymakers to stay informed about the legal and regulatory developments surrounding Bitcoin and other digital assets.

Key takeaways from this article include:

• A federal judge in Texas ruled that Bitcoin is a currency, subjecting it to U.S. laws.
• This decision contrasts with a previous ruling in Florida, highlighting the ongoing debate.
• FinCEN defines convertible virtual currencies like Bitcoin as having an equivalent value in real currency.
• The IRS treats Bitcoin as property for tax purposes.
• Bitcoin's decentralized nature and limited supply are key characteristics that contribute to its potential as a currency.

Ultimately, the question of whether Bitcoin will achieve widespread acceptance as a mainstream currency remains to be seen.However, the recent legal decision in Texas, coupled with growing institutional interest and increasing adoption, suggests that Bitcoin is here to stay and will continue to play an increasingly important role in the global financial system. Bitcoin is two things: a virtual currency 1 it has real-world value and is used in e-commerce and a digital payment system.Whether you are an investor, a business owner, or simply someone curious about the future of finance, understanding the evolving status of Bitcoin as a currency is essential.